Recovering Ideal Work from an Expansion Engine - 913 Words

And the ideal work recoverable from an expansion engine as LN2 is evaporated at 77 K Additional potential remains for heat sinking by the cold N2 vapor, then brought up to ambient temperature (To = 300 K)or more, is shown or given by the difference in thermodynamic availability, ï â„¢ = h ï€ ­ sTo, between ambient states and liquid . This reversible work for liquid nitrogen LN2 is Wr = 800 kJ/kg-N2 and the relatively and corresponding sink efficiency is ï  ¢ = 1.78. Thus, for only a small fraction of the reversible work require to be recovered to gives the cryomobile with a driving range commensurate or start with that of battery- operated or powered vehicles of comparable weight. The relative merits of different ZEV technologies must also be evaluated on considerations (must) other than performance such as environmental friendliness(less emission ) and commuting utility. While the specific energy of liquid nitrogen LN2 or batteries is far below that of hydrocarbon fuels, the internal combustion engine cars cannot operate without polluting emissions and this thus should not be compared with ZEVs. ADVANTAGES Studies indicate or shows that liquid nitrogen automobiles will have relavent significant performance and environmental related advantages over an electric vehicles. A liquid nitrogen vehicle or car with a 60-gallon to 70 gallon tank will have a potential(power) range of up to 200 miles, or more than that of a typical electric car performance. One more thing isShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Stirling Engines?1536 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are Stirling Engines? Stirling engines are dynamic heat converters for converting heat energy in to work energy. They operate by the cyclic compression and expansion phases of gases and other fluids at different temperatures in such a way that heat energy is transformed in to mechanical work energy output [1]. 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Today, luxury goods industry wins great popularity all over the world, and obviously it already penetrated into people’s lives. 1.The Effect of Globalization and How Does Luxury Industry Recover from Crisis After World War II, due to the World Trade Organization reduce the international trade barriers and expand free trade, foreign trade between countries became more frequent. 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Strategic Planning, Learning Theory, and Training Needs Analysis Free Essays

The five phases of the training process model include; Needs Analysis Phase; Design Phase; Development Phase; Implementation Phase, and the Evaluation Phase. The â€Å"Needs Analysis Phase† is to determine each employee’s needs and ask â€Å"What do we want our employees to get out of the program? † This phase will help identify the difference between comparing the company’s current results to the company’s â€Å"expected organizational performances. The performance gap is one way to figure out what is best needed in the training process of the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning, Learning Theory, and Training Needs Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our text states that the â€Å"needs analysis phase begins when there is a performance problem within the organization. Examples of this problem might be: lack of quality, customer dissatisfaction, or reduced profits. If the identified problem is related to employee knowledge, skills, or attitudes, then a training need is indicated. † (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) It is much less costly to have a gap analysis prepared; than to guess at what the needs are before the training objectives begin. The â€Å"Design Phase is where the needs of the â€Å"training objectives are created along with the factors needed to facilitate learning through content delivery. † This assessment of needs can be linked to the information and then used to â€Å"create the new curriculum of the program objectives. These provide specific direction for what will be trained and how. † The phase of design should allow us to begin to think about our â€Å"operational considerations to the program. We may ask ourselves how the delivery of the program is going to â€Å"influence the business operations† in the foreseeable future. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The Development Phase is described as the â€Å"process of formulating an instructional strategy to meet a set of training objectives as well as obtaining or creating all the things that are needed to implement the training program. † In this stage the materials used can be movies, games, visual aids, etc. The trainer nee ds to be sure they keep the trainees fully engaged with activities to ensure the knowledge is retained. With updated materials and â€Å"revamping of statistical data† the trainee’s should be able to stay focused and interested in the program. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) In the Implementation Phase, â€Å"all the aspects of the training program come together,† and the training actually takes place. Some important things to keep in mind are what practices will be discussed; potential leadership skills; addressing classroom rules and class expectations required, and have on hand, a feedback form for the trainee’s to fill out at the end of the program. The Evaluation Phase consists of two types of evaluations. First, â€Å"the process evaluation determines how well a particular process achieved its objectives. † Like, â€Å"did the trainer follow the exact training process suggested? † Second, is the outcome evaluation, which is conducted at the end of the training to determine the effects of training on the trainee, the job, and the organization? † Furthermore, â€Å"if the outputs of the program were less than expected, then changes to the program may be necessary. Companies should establish a systematic evaluation process to enhance the effectiveness of the training. † The company really needs to determine, through the evaluation phase; whether the training enhanced employee’s performance or the company’s performance as expected. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The end results focus on â€Å"both the evaluation process combined with the training unit and has a complete picture of the training from needs analysis to training techniques. It furnishes information about the trainer, and measures learner’s outcomes through reaction, learning, behavior, and results. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) Identify three factors that might inhibit HRD managers from developing a strategic planning approach to training. Recommend how these three factors might be overcome. Some factors that may inhibit a HRD manager from developing a strategic plan could be â€Å"the lack of motivation to participate in new learning tasks; a lack of funding available; a lack of clarity on the role of HRD; and perhaps not enough time available for new development in the company. †It is important for every Company in business to be aware of certain factors; in order to accomplish their goals successfully. Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) Overcoming some of these negative factors maybe the â€Å"HRD manager needs to ensure that their HR teams is open and committed to the highest training expectations that are available to every employee’s success. † (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The company should be totally â€Å"committed by financing the proper training that is needed for the future success of the company as a whole. † What a business puts into the investment of their employee’s, are most l ikely to surface motivated success for the company. The HRD should clearly clarify exactly what their role is going to entail, right from the start, so there will be full understanding of each employee’s expectations. The company needs to â€Å"dedicate sufficient amount of time each year for the proper training of its employee’s. † Dedication of the company is just as important as the employee’s dedicating their KSA to the company. Compare and contrast the behaviorist and the cognitive approaches to learning. Explain which is more relevant to training. Behaviorist approaches to learning usually are â€Å"focused on people who have specific observable behaviors or habits that they want to change. After understanding the principles of learning, they may even be able to modify their own behavior. † (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The Cognitive approaches are concerned with the â€Å"thought process; these people focus on changing the way they think. Our text explains that the cognitive approach suggests that the learner controls learning, and they may come to training with their own set of goals and priorities. † Whereas the behaviorist come to training with a specific goal and believe the â€Å"environment controls the learning outcome. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The two definitely are different in ways, but â€Å"behavioral and cognitive approaches are being used in the same multimedia application. Both involve analysis, decomposition, and simplification of tasks in order to make instruction easier and more efficient† (Jonassen, 1991). Both use â€Å"devices to arouse, attract, and focus attention. Both force learner engagement through interactive decision-making points in the material. Both give importance to intrinsic feedback, though it may be expressed in voluntary help or advice option s in applications with cognitive design. Both value meaningful learning and realistic contexts for application of knowledge and skills† (Atkins, 1993). It is my opinion both are equally relevant to the training programs, depending on which approach one wants to take. Fully explain the purpose of a training needs analysis (TNA). Argue the conditions under which a TNA is always necessary, and offer two examples when a TNA might not be required. The purpose of a training needs analysis is to â€Å"close a gap between what the â€Å"actual organizational performances are and what the expected organizational performance should be. The TNA is represented as having a triggering event, an input stage, a process stage, and finally an output phase. † (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The input phase â€Å"consists of three levels of analysis; the organizational analysis focuses on organizational strategies, resources, resource allocation, and the internal environment. The analysis of the organization’s internal environment will help to identify the cause of the organizational performance gap, and will help to decide if training is the appropriate cure. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The operational analysis â€Å"examines the specific jobs to determine and what KSA are necessary to get the job done. This process is known as job analysis, which is a detailed examination of all of the job tasks. Once the tasks are identified, then a decision can be made as to what KSAs are necessary to do the job competently. † (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The operational analysis â€Å"examines specific jobs to determine and what KSA are necessary to get the job done. This process is known as job analysis, and it is a very detailed examination of all of the job tasks. Once the tasks are identified, then a decision can be made as to what KSAs are necessary to do the job competently. † (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The person analysis; is the final stage that actually† focus on those in the job who are not meeting the performance requirements. Data on individual employees may come from a number of data sources, but the two most common sources are performance appraisals and efficiency tests. By incorporating the three levels of analysis, organizational, operational, and person, the identification of the performance gap should be complete. From here decisions can be made as to whether a training need or a non-training need has been identified. † (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The TNA is always necessary when the organization notices performance problems, because they need to know what the causes are, so they can be corrected in a timely manner. For most â€Å"training situations, use of the TNA will increase the relevance and effectiveness of the training. It ensures wise use of training funds, delivers the appropriate training to the right people, and contributes to the fulfillment of organizational goals. Diversity, language, retirement, and â€Å"turnovers are all factors that might contribute to a performance gap. † (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) According to chapter 4 in our text; â€Å"TNA might not be necessary when an organization is trying to communicate a new vision or address a legal concern, which would include all employees to be present in the training program. † When the organization has d ecided to conduct â€Å"team building skills for a more positive performance outcome†; all employees will be trained in this case; there is no need for a TNA to be done. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) Reference Blanchard N. Thacker J. (2010) Effective Training: Systems, Strategies, and Practices, Pearson Education, Inc. / Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Martin G. L. Pear J. (2002) Behavior Modification: What It Is and How to Do It, 7th ed. New York: Prentice-Hall, Retrieved on April 25, 2011 from http://www.ryerson.ca/~glassman/behavior.html SBI Conduct a TNA to test and find out if training is the best solution Retrieved April 25, 2011 from http://www.leopard-learning.com/tna.html Jonassen, D.H. (1991). Objectivism versus constructivism: Do we need a new philosophical paradigm? Educational Technology Research and Development, 39(3), 5-14. Atkins, M.J. (1993). Theories of learning and multimedia applications: An overview. Research Papers in Education, 8(2), 251-271.Retreived on April 25, 2011 from http://www.ct4me.net/multimedia_design.htm How to cite Strategic Planning, Learning Theory, and Training Needs Analysis, Essays

Monetary Policy (5418 words) Essay Example For Students

Monetary Policy (5418 words) Essay Monetary PolicyInternational Dimensions to U.S. Monetary PolicyExecutive SummaryFederal Reserve monetary policy has traditionally focused on the domestic economy. Over time, however, a number of significant trends have underscored the potential importance of the international dimensions of contemporary monetary policy. Such trends include the following: ? Financial markets continue to become increasingly integrated internationally; capital is evermore mobile. ? The U.S. dollar continues to remain the worlds principal international currency despite evolving exchange rate arrangements. ? Official and unofficial dollarization has continued in several emerging market economies. These trends suggest that monetary policy may have differing transmission mechanisms increasingly involving international variables than was earlier the case. In addition to these trends, empirical evidence recently has accumulated showing that changes in U.S. monetary policy can significantly impact emerging mark et economies in a number of ways. For example, changes in U.S. monetary policy can (1) dominate capital flows in emerging market economies, (2) be associated with financial crises in these countries, and (3) significantly impact interest rates and financial markets in emerging economies under differing exchange rate arrangements. Furthermore, experience shows that the Federal Reserve can successfully assume international lender-of-last-resort responsibilities and stabilize world financial markets in situations of international liquidity crises. The Federal Reserve should increasingly recognize these international considerations when conducting monetary policy. International Dimensions to U.S. Monetary PolicyI. IntroductionTraditionally, Federal Reserve monetary policy has focused on the domestic economy. Although international factors have not been ignored, they have been subordinate to domestic concerns. International concerns are rarely important rationale influencing Federal Rese rve monetary policy decisions; further, the global impacts of U.S. monetary policy decisions seldom receive much attention from monetary officials. Recent trends and developments, however, suggest this domestic orientation may not be entirely satisfactory for U.S. monetary policy. There is a growing recognition of the fact that financial capital is increasingly mobile, and financial markets are evermore globally integrated. At the same time, varying degrees of dollarization have occurred in several emerging market economies and the dollar remains the worlds principal international currency despite evolving developments in exchange rate arrangements. These considerations have a number of important implications for U.S. monetary policy. For example, they help to explain why changes in U.S. monetary policy can have increasingly potent effects on emerging market economies that should be recognized and why the Federal Reserves implicit international lender-of-last-resort (LOLR) responsib ilities are so important.1 These international considerations can be taken into account by anchoring prices with a price stabilization policy goal and using key market price indicators as policy guides. After briefly describing these evolving circumstances namely, increased capital mobility, dollarization, and the international role of the dollar this paper briefly reviews the evidence suggesting that changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy have implications for both emerging markets and the global economy. Implications for the Federal Reserves international LOLR role are highlighted and some recommendations for monetary policy are outlined. Recent Trends and Developments ? Increasing Financial Integration and Growing Capital Mobility. Clearly, one important trend of recent years is increasing international financial integration and growing capital mobility.2 Most economists now recognize the inexorable trend toward globalization or growing international integration of financia l markets and increasing capital mobility. Empirical results, for example, increasingly provide evidence of growing capital mobility. In particular, data on capital flows as well as interest rate differentials indicate that a growing degree of capital market integration or increased capital mobility has occurred since the 1970s.3 The U.S. economy, along with most other economies, is more open. Many experts believe these trends are largely inevitable and irreversible, partly because they are being driven by communications and informational technological change and partly because policymakers increasingly recognize the many compelling benefits of regulatory changes that foster financial integration.4 Accordingly, a growing consensus among economists is that there is no turning back: i.e., that capital mobility is here to stay.5 There are a number of important implications of this increased international financial integration. This more open environment, for example, implies that chang es in monetary policy involve a somewhat different transmission mechanism. In particular, the more integrated the economy, the more quickly and substantially do divergent policies affect financial markets and capital flows. And the foreign exchange rate may play an increasingly important role in transmitting changes in monetary policy to the macroeconomy. Accordingly, exchange rate movements potentially may contain more useful information about changes in monetary policy than in previous, more closed (less integrated) circumstances. ? Clarification of the policy trilemmaThese altered conditions of increased capital mobility also place important constraints on monetary policy, commonly referred to as the policy trilemma. As Obstfeld ably describes it: The limitations that open capital markets place on exchange rates and monetary policy are summed up by the ideas of the inconsistent trinity or ?the open- economy trilemma that is, a country cannot simultaneously maintain fixed exchange rates and open capital markets while pursuing a monetary policy oriented toward domestic goals. Governments may choose only two of the above.6 If capital mobility is, indeed, an irreversible given, the policy choices circumscribed by the above trilemma are increasingly limited. In particular, policy choices are now between flexible exchange rate/domestic policy goal (e.g., inflation targeting) regimes and fixed exchange rate/without domestic goal regimes.7 If policymakers fix the exchange rate, they lose control of the interest rate; if they peg the interest rate they cant control the exchange rate. In starker terms, capital mobility confronts national authorities with a decision over controlling either interest rates or exchange rates.8 Some authors suggest that in recent years, the choice has moved mostly in favor of the flexible exchange rates/domestic policy alternative: i.e., mostly in favor of controlling interest rates rather than exchange rates.9 The U.S. has evolved into such a regime: namely, a de facto informal inflation targeting position.10 For most countries, this result may be due in part to considerations of political economy; contemporary political forces may mandate that domestic policy goals be given attention.11 Nonetheless, the trend does underscore the constraints brought to bear on policy choices by increased capital mobility. ? The Continued International Currency Role of the DollarAnother important trend relates to the continued international currency role of the U.S. dollar. Despite the collapse of the dollar-based Bretton Woods (fixed exchange rate) system and the move to more flexible exchange rate arrangements, the dollar continues to be used as the principal international currency. As Robert Mundell has aptly stated: Flexible exchange rates did not dispense with the need for international reserves or end the dominant role of the dollar. In one sense the dollar became more important than ever. The need for an international unit o f account for purposes of international trade and finance was just as great as ever, and the increased uncertainty associated with flexible exchange rates increased, rather than eliminated the need for international reserve assets? The dollar remained the principal international monetary reserve (in the 1980s and 1990s). The enhanced role of the dollar under flexible exchange rates was reflected in the rapid expansions of dollar reserves which has more than kept pace with the growth of trade?12 More specifically, the dollar continues to provide the principal functions of an international money and thereby remains the dominant international key, vehicle, and reserve currency. This fact has been documented by several recent studies .13 The continued use of international currency suggests there remains an important demand for the services of international currency: i.e., continued demand for a money for other monies. Given this existing global demand, important responsibilities accrue to the supplier of this principal global currency, the Federal Reserve. In particular, if the supplier of international reserve currency pays attention to changes in its demand and, accordingly, adjusts supply to match changes in the demand for international currency, global stability may be promoted. This suggests that the Federal Reserve should focus attention on price signals and should provide a stabilizing price anchor for the current fiat money system. It also suggests that the Federal Reserve as the supplier of the dominant international reserve asset should recognize that when it tightens policy (thereby restricting the supply of international reserves), other central banks may well tighten, and when it eases, others may ease. In short, its policy moves can be magnified or made more potent because of these reactions. Additionally, the use of global reserves suggests the need for the services of an international lender of last resort (LOLR) for liquidity crisis situations i nvolving sharp increases in the demand for international reserves.14 Since the Federal Reserve is the ultimate supplier of this liquidity, these international LOLR responsibilities fall upon the Federal Reserve. ? The Dollarization of Emerging Market EconomiesAnother notable and related development relates to the dollarization the official and unofficial use of the dollar to displace domestic currency in several emerging market economies. A number of studies examining the extent of such dollarization suggest that it is substantial in a number of countries, especially those in Latin America as well as in Russia.15 Related evidence indicates that foreigners hold significant percentages (above 50 percent) of dollar notes in circulation.16 This widespread dollarization suggests that changes in U.S. monetary policy may have important impacts on the many users of dollars. Accordingly, there may be potential implications for Federal Reserve monetary policy. Since these effects of changes in Federal Reserve policy can be nontrivial, it may be desirable to consider them in policymaking deliberations. Implications The trends and developments outlined here can have some important implications. All of these factors the increased international integration of financial markets together with dollarization and the continued international currency role of the dollar suggest that changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy may have differing effects than revealed in earlier experience. With this more open economy and key role of the dollar, the transmission mechanism of U.S. monetary policy may have changed. In particular, various financial markets (e.g., foreign exchange, bonds, equities) may currently play a more significant role in transmitting changes in monetary policy. Changes in U.S. monetary policy may have more potent impacts on foreign countries than earlier was the case. And the global economy itself may experience different impacts of changes in Federal Reserve p olicy. Some Emerging Empirical Evidence A growing body of empirical evidence suggests that changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy can have significant impacts on foreign countries, on international financial variables, and, indeed, on the global economy. This evidence, however, is dispersed among varieties of research concerned with related, but differing topics; for example, empirical evidence on the Federal Reserves international effects has emerged from studies examining the determinants of capital flows in emerging markets, the causes of recent banking and currency crises, and the choice of exchange rate regimes. The evidence is not centralized in readily accessible literature, in part because there are multiple channels through which changes in U.S. monetary policy can have its foreign impact. The form of this impact, moreover, depends in part on the existing exchange rate regime. This diverse literature relating to the international dimension of changes in Federal Reserve policy is organized into three categories and briefly surveyed as follows: ? Studies examining the determinants of capital flows. ============================================================ Medicine: Essay Recently, a number of studies have analyzed the determinants of sensitive capital flows to emerging market economies. Initially, researchers focused on the performance and differing characteristics of individual countries in explaining these capital flows; however, they soon noticed that capital flows tended to affect many emerging economies at the same time, despite their differing characteristics. In short, common (international) factors appeared to be important determinants of these movements. More specifically, investigators found that factors external to these emerging market economies such as international interest rate movements in large industrialized economies and financial centers such as the U.S. played a significant role in explaining these capital flows. In particular, changes in U.S. monetary policy tended to be associated with changes in financial (money, bond, and equity) markets in several emerging market economies. This was aptly stated by Calvo, et al. (1996): Th e tightening of monetary policy in the U.S. and the resulting rise in interest rates in early 1994 made investment in Asia and Latin America relatively less attractive? higher interest rates quickly and markedly affected developing country debt prices. Indeed, the rise in U.S. rates also triggered market corrections in several emerging stock markets. It seems likely that with highly integrated and technologically sophisticated financial markets, changes in relative rates of return will quickly translate into cross-border capital flows.17 Similarly, Goldstein and Turner (1996) argued that: ?empirical evidence suggests that movements in international interest rates can explain between one-half and two-thirds of the swings in private capital inflows to developing countries in the 1990s. Studies reaching conclusions consistent with these arguments include: Calvo et al. (1993), Dooley et al. (1994), Chuhan et al. (1993), Goldstein (1995), Fernandez-Arias (1994), Eichengreen (1991), and E ichengreen and Fishlow (1996).19 In short, this literature establishes that changes in external (or global) factors such as movements in the interest rates of leading industrial countries like the U.S. significantly influence emerging market financial markets and can be dominant determinants of capital flows to these emerging economies (especially in Latin America). ? Studies Examining the Causes of Recent International Financial or Banking CrisesA number of studies have examined the factors causing recent international financial or banking crises. While these studies identify multiple factors contributing to these crises, the literature does find that many banking crises in developing economies are associated with prior increases in the interest rates of key developed economies such as the U.S. Eichengreen and Rose (1998), for example, note that: Our central finding is a large, highly significant correlation between changes in industrial-country (including U.S.) interest rates and banking crises in emerging markets? Northern interest rates rise sharply and significantly (relative to their level in non-crisis control group cases) in the year preceding the onset of banking crises, before peaking in the crisis year and the year following. This result? points strongly to the role played by external financial conditions and in particular to the effect of rising interest rates in worsening the access of developing-country banking systems to offshore funds? Our finding of an important role for world interest rates in the onset of banking crises reinforces the conclusions of (others)? for increases in world interest rates to precipitate banking problems.20 Others have come to similar conclusions. Frankel and Rose (1996) find that increases in developed country (including U.S.) interest rates significantly enhance the likelihood of a currency crash in developing countries; increases in foreign (e.g., U.S.) interest rates play a meaningful role in predicting currency problems.21 Kaminsky and Reinhart (1996) suggest that external factors such as increases in interest rates in the U.S. may play an important role in explaining the prevalence of banking and balance of payment crises.22 Results consistent with this argument were attained by Chang and Velasco (1998). These authors contend that the 1997-98 crises in Asia were in fact a consequence of international illiquidity which could in turn be partly rectified by the liquidity provision of an international lender-of-last resort.23 In addition to evidence on the effects of changes in U.S. interest rates on recent international financial crises, evidence also exists as to the causal effects of changes in the foreign exchange value of the dollar on such crises.24 While several authors mention the role of dollar movements as contributing factors in the recent Asian financial crisis, Whitt (1999) provides convincing evidence that dollar appreciation prior to the recent Asian financial turbulence was a significant contributing factor to this crisis.25 Specifically, several key emerging economies in Asia tied their currencies to the dollar, yet maintained significant trading relationships with Japan. Consequently, a significant appreciation of the dollar relative to the yen impelled these countries to follow the dollar (and U.S. monetary policy), thereby causing their currencies to appreciate against the yen. Consequently, their trade positions with Japan were severely effected just before the currency attacks began, thereby significantly contributing to the financial crises in Asia.26 ? Other Evidence Evidence on the impact of changes in U.S. monetary policy on foreign (international) interest rates recently has emerged from research related to the choice of exchange rate regime literature. In considering alternative exchange rate regimes available to emerging market countries, for example, Frankel and others have examined the interest rate responses in emerging countries to chang es in U.S. (Federal Reserve) interest rates.27 Frankel finds that when the Federal Reserve raises interest rates, these increases are quickly and entirely passed through to those emerging market economies with exchange rates rigidly tied to the dollar. Such exchange rate regimes require the emerging economy to follow the same monetary policy as the U.S. regardless of its appropriateness to local economic conditions. The situation is even more dramatic, Frankel finds, for emerging market economies that maintained a loose link to the dollar (such as Brazil or Mexico). In these cases, a Federal Reserve interest rate hike induces local interest rates to increase by more than those in the U.S.; these emerging market rates turn out to be more sensitive to U.S. policy moves and rise by more than one-for-one.28 (Similar results are found by Hausmann et al., and Frankel and Okongwu.) Frankel argues that the reason for this surprising result is that the U.S. interest rate increase has a large negative effect on capital flows and international investors are nervous about the loose exchange rate link, requiring an extra risk premium for devaluation and default risk as well as for the lack of credibility on the part of macroeconomic policymakers. In short, this evidence indicates that changes in U.S. monetary policy can have potent impacts on the interest rates in emerging market economies under different exchange rate regimes. The evidence suggests that as international financial markets become more integrated, interest rates in emerging economies may become increasingly sensitive to changes in the interest rates of large developed countries. The empirical evidence briefly outlined here indicates that changes in U.S. monetary policy importantly affect financial markets in emerging markets in a number of ways. These changes may dominate capital flows in emerging market economies and U.S. rate hikes have been associated with banking or financial crises in these developing e conomies. Further, movements in U.S. interest rates may have potent effects on interest rates in emerging markets under differing exchange rate regimes. ? Anecdotal Evidence: The Interest Rate Cuts in the Fall of 1998 In addition to this growing collection of formal empirical evidence, anecdotal evidence is also relevant. In particular, assessments of the three Federal Reserve interest rate cuts in the fall of 1998 led several analysts and Fed watchers to conclude that international factors may have weighed heavily in precipitating this Federal Reserve action. These interest rate cuts, it will be remembered, took place in the context of international financial market turbulence associated with the Russian devaluation and debt moratorium in mid-August 1998. It was during this period that the Federal Reserve cut interest rates and took to monitoring risk and liquidity spreads after world financial markets threatened to seize up following the Russian problems. The official rationale fo r these rate cuts was always framed in terms of their effects on the U.S. economy. Nevertheless, FOMC minutes indicated the moves were undertaken in light of the effects of the prevailing global (international) turmoil including its impact on the liquidity of financial markets. In assessing the episode, various economists, Fed watchers, and market observers generally concurred with the need for Federal Reserve action. Their interpretations of this action, however, often more explicitly recognized the international dimension of the Federal Reserve policy moves and of the Federal Reserves implicit assumption of important international lender-of-last-resort responsibilities (associated with the dollars reserve currency status). One well-known market observer, Allen Sinai, for example, argued that: The Greenspan Federal Reserve appears to have shifted regime, operating with a new policy framework that takes the world economy and financial system into account, viewing the U.S. as one com ponent in this system.30Another market observer remarked: The Fed Chairman understood that he had to act quickly to convince markets the U.S. central bank was ready to assist the world economy in crisis.31Similarly, in remarks to the American Economic Association in January 1999, the IMFs Stanley Fischer stated that: ?in recent months the leading central banks, in recognition of the feedbacks between the emerging market and the industrialized economies, have taken actions in the interests of their own countries that stabilize the world economy.32 In short, in taking this action, the Federal Reserve indicated it is capable of taking international, global factors into account and, indeed, providing important international lender-of-last-resort services, thereby serving to calm skittish world financial markets in situations of sharp increases in demand for international liquidity.33 This is another manifestation of the international dimensions of Federal Reserve policy, which is someti mes not explicitly recognized. Summary Federal Reserve monetary policy has traditionally focused on the domestic economy. Over time, however, a number of significant trends have underscored the potential importance of the international dimension of contemporary monetary policy. Such trends include the following: ? Financial markets continue to become increasingly integrated internationally; capital is evermore mobile. ? The U.S. dollar continues to remain the worlds principal international (key, reserve, and vehicle) currency despite evolving exchange rate arrangements. ? Official and unofficial dollarization continues in several emerging market economies. These trends suggest that monetary policy may have differing transmission mechanisms increasingly involving international variables than was earlier the case. In addition to these trends, empirical evidence recently has accumulated showing that changes in U.S. monetary policy can significantly impact emerging market economies in a number of ways. For example, changes in U.S. monetary policy can (1) dominate capital flows in emerging market economies, (2) be associated with financial crises in these countries, and (3) significantly impact interest rates and financial markets in emerging economies under differing exchange rate arrangements. Furthermore, experience shows that the Federal Reserve can successfully assume international lender-of-last-resort responsibilities and stabilize world financial markets in situations of international liquidity crises. Implications for U.S. Monetary Policy Several important implications for U.S. monetary policy emerge from these trends and growing empirical evidence. They include the following: ? Given capital mobility and the practical reality that political pressures will dictate a preference for domestic monetary policy goals, the policy trilemma for the U.S. boils down to flexible exchange rate arrangements and a price stability objective for monetary policy. ? The Fede ral Reserve cannot deviate from or lose sight of its price stability goal, and the Federal Reserve should not sacrifice domestic for other goals. Nonetheless, it may be desirable to recognize the significant, increasingly important international repercussions of changes in U.S. monetary policy in order to better achieve these domestic goals. Recognizing these repercussions and their potentially important feedback effects suggest that changes in U.S. monetary policy may be more potent and wide-ranging than earlier believed. Consequently, to best achieve domestic goals in a nondisruptive manner, the degree or speed of policy moves may need to be adjusted accordingly. If these increasingly important repercussions and their potential feedback effects (e.g. changes in exports, import prices, or capital flows) can be identified, anticipated, and taken into account, their effects potentially may be offset, resulting in smoother transitions for the domestic economy and for financial markets . By taking these effects into account, implementation of policy changes can result in a less volatile, less costly, less disruptive outcome. Policy implementation may be improved. In short, informal inflation targeting by the Federal Reserve may be implemented in a way that recognizes international concerns. ? Recognizing these growing international impacts of changes in monetary policy suggests that in order for the Federal Reserve to best achieve its goals, policy changes may need to be undertaken in a well-telegraphed, gradual, deliberate manner so that no policy surprises or unanticipated repercussions occur, disrupting international and domestic markets. In short, to promote stability, the Federal Reserve may be well advised whenever possible to avoid sharp, rapid, and unexpected policy changes. ? The Federal Reserve should increasingly recognize international LOLR responsibilities and be prepared to respond to international liquidity crises.34 ? These international factors ma y best be taken into account by maintaining a stable price environment and carefully, jointly monitoring forward-looking market prices such as various bilateral and broad trade-weighted measures of the dollar exchange rate, commodity prices, and bond yields as policy indicators. These market price indicators may in turn be supplemented by various measures of global prices, world commodity prices, and global bond yields to gain information about prospective global price movements, global price expectations, and world liquidity.35Dr. Robert E. KeleherChief Macroeconomist to the Vice Chairman Endnotes 1. For a discussion of these responsibilities, see Robert E. Keleher, An International Lender of Last Resort, the IMF, and the Federal Reserve, Joint Economic Committee, February 1999. 2. The word integration denotes the bringing together of parts into a whole. The more integrated markets are, the more they behave as a unified whole, rather than segmented parts. Financial market integrati on increases the degree of interdependence among financial markets and such integration is alternatively defined as (1) the extent to which markets are connected, (2) the degree of responsiveness and sensitivity to foreign disturbances, or (3) the degree of openness. 3. See, for example, Maurice Obstfeld, The Global Capital Market: Benefactor of Menace?, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 12, Number 4, Fall 1998, pp.9-30; Maurice Obstfeld and Alan M. Taylor, The Great Depression as a Watershed: International Capital Mobility over the Long Run, in The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century, Edited by Michael D. Bordo, Claudia Goldin, and Eugene N. White, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1998, pp.353-402. 4. See Barry Eichengreen, Toward A New International Financial Architecture, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC, 1999, pp.2-3. 5. See, for example, Eichengreen, op. cit., p.3 6. Obstfeld, (1998) op. cit., p p.14-5. 7. These might take the form of currency boards or dollarization regimes. 8. Obstfeld, 1998, op. cit., p.18. 9. For an alternative perspective, see Jeffrey Frankel, No Single Currency Regime is Right for All Countries of at All Times, NBER Working Paper 7338, September 1999. 10. Inflation targeting in and of itself does not have to be exclusively inward looking in the U.S., but instead can be implemented in a way that recognizes international concerns (see below). 11. See, for example, Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1996, p.195. 12. R.A. Mundell, The Future of the Exchange Rate System, paper prepared for the Rocca di Salimbeni Conference, Monte dei Paschi di Siene, Siena, Italy, November 24, 1994, p.12 (parentheses added). 13. See Ronald McKinnon, Mundell, the Euro, and the World Dollar Standard, paper prepared for presentation at the American Economic Association, January 8, 2000, pp.8-10, and Philipp Hartmann, Currency Compet ition and Foreign Exchange Markets: The Dollar, the Yen, and the Euro, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 35-39, especially Chapter 2. 14. See Robert E. Keleher, An International Lender of Last Resort, the IMF, and the Federal Reserve Joint Economic Committee, February, 1999. 15. See Kurt Schuler, Basics of Dollarization, JEC Staff Report, July 1999. 16. See, for example, Richard D. Porter and Ruth A. Judson, The Location of U.S. Currency: How much is Abroad? Federal Reserve Bulletin, October 1996, pp.883-903. 17. Guillermo Calvo, Leonard Leiderman, and Carmen Reinhart, Inflows of Capital to Developing Countries in the 1990s, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 10, Number 2, Spring 1996, p. 126. 18. Morris Goldstein and Philip Turner, Banking Crises in Emerging Economies: Origins and Policy Options, B.I.S. Economic Papers No. 46, October 1996, p. 10. 19. Guillermo Calvo, Leonard Leiderman, and Carmen Reinhart, Capital Inflows and Real Exchange Rate Appreciation in Latin America, IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 40, No. 1, March 1993, pp. 108-151; Michael Dooley, Eduardo Fernandez-Arias, and Kenneth Kletzer, Recent Private Capital Flows to Developing Countries: Is the Debt Crisis History?, NBER Working Paper, No. 4792, July 1994; Punam Chuhan, Stijn Claessens, and Nlandu Mamingi, Equity and Bond Flows to Asia and Latin America: The Role of Global and Country Factors, Policy Research Working Papers, International Economics Department, World Bank, WPS 1160, July 1993; Morris Goldstein, Coping With Too Much of a Good Thing, Policy Research Working Paper 1597, International Economics Department, The World Bank, September 1995; Eduardo Fernandez-Arias, The New Wave of Private Capital Inflows: Push or Pull? Policy Research Working Paper 1312, The World Bank, November 1994.; Barry Eichengreen, Trends and Cycles in Foreign Lending, in Horst Siebert (ed.), Capital Flows in the World Economy, Tubingen; Mohr, 1991, pp. 3-28; Barry Eichengreen and Albert Fishlow, Contending With Capital Flows: What is Different About the 1990s? A Council on Foreign Relations Paper, 1996. 20. Barry Eichengreen and Andrew K. Rose, Staying Afloat When the Wind Shifts: External Factors and Emerging-Markets Banking Crises, NBER Working Paper 6370, January 1998, pp. 5, 6 (parentheses added). 21. Jeffrey A. Frankel and Andrew K. Rose, Currency Crashes in Emerging Markets: An Empirical Treatment, Journal of International Economics, 41, Nos. 3/4, November 1996, pp. 351-366. 22. Graciela L. Kaminsky and Carmen M. Reinhart, The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance Payments Problems, International Finance Discussion Papers, Federal Reserve Board, 1996-554, p. 8. 23. Roberto Chang and Andres Velasco, The Asian Liquidity Crisis, NBER Working Paper 6796, November 1998 (quoted from abstract). 24. Changes in the foreign exchange value of the dollar can importantly reflect changes in U.S. monetary policy. 25. See Joseph Whitt, The Role of External Shocks in the Asia n Financial Crisis, Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Second Quarter 1999, pp. 18-31, and studies cited therein (p. 24). 26. See also Ronald I. McKinnon, Euroland and East Asia in a Dollar-Based System, The International Economy, September/October 1999, p. 45, 67. 27. See Jeffrey A. Frankel, No Single Currency Regime is Right for All Countries, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, May 21, 1999(a); Jeffrey A. Frankel, No Single Currency Regime is Right for All Countries or at All Times, NBER Working Paper 7338, September 1991(b); Jeffrey A. Frankel and Chudozie Okongwu, Liberalized Portfolio Capital Inflows in Emerging Markets: Sterilization, Expectations, and the Incompleteness of Interest Rate Convergence, International Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 1996, pp. 1-23; and Ricardo Hausmann, Michael Gavin, Carmen Pages-S erra, and Ernesto Stein, Financial Turmoil and the Choice of Exchange Rate Regime, Inter-American Development Bank, Office of Chief Economist, Working Paper #400, 1999. The discussion here follows Frankel 1999(a). 28. See Frankel 1999(a), pp. 7-8; and Frankel 1999 (b), p. 22. 29. See, for example, Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee, Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 1999, p. 45. 30. Sinai was quoted in Gerald Baker, Man of the Year Alan Greenspan: Guardian Angel of the Financial Markets, Financial Times, December 24, 1998, p. 9. 31. Baker, ibid. 32. Stanley Fischer, On the Need for an International Lender of Last Resort, paper prepared for delivery at the American Economic Association, New York, January 3, 1999. 33. It should be noted that key market price indicators (i.e., commodity prices, bond yields, and the foreign exchange value of the dollar) were signaling the Federal Reserve to ease at the time and broad measures of price inflation were benign. 34. For a discussio n of these responsibilities and ways to implement them, see Keleher op. cit., p. 9. 35. See discussion in Keleher, op. cit., p.9. Return Home Economics Essays

Laura Ashley company profile Essays - Strategic Management

Laura Ashley company profile Laura Ashley company profile SWOT, PESTEL and Porter's 5 Forces analyses of Laura Ashley (2009, 2500 words) This paper offers an overview of Laura Ashley, one of UK's top homeware and clothes retailers with an excellent reputation. It examines the environment in which Laura Ashley is operating by employing a PESTEL analysis and then goes on to further analyze the industry in which Laura Ashley operates by using Porter's Five Forces model. Finally, a SWOT analysis is used in order to identify the company's strengths and weaknesses and to reveal any opportunities it can capitalise on and threats it may encounter in the process of further development (SWOT). Laura Ashley, SWOT; PESTEL; Porter's Five Forces Company Overview History Laura Ashley, one of today's most recognizable fashion and home furnishings brands was founded by Laura and her Bernard Ashley. Their initiative enjoyed huge success on and by 1970 when sales had reached

Paper Essays

Paper Essays Paper Essay Paper Essay Trivia Questions: 1. How many power stations throughout the mall 2. How many cafe tables on the first floor 3. How many trash cans throughout the mall (main mall area no food court) 4. How many buttons inside the elevator 5. When was the mall built 6. How many places in the mall can you eat or get a snack 7. How many mall entrances? 8. How many stores have a â€Å"W† in their name 9. How many stores in the mall 10. How much weight can the elevator hold 11. Which store has the shortest name (Extra points if you can name more than one)Things to get from a store: 1. Perfume Sample 2. Find an old receipt over $10.00 3. Clothing Hanger 4. Autograph from a stranger ___________________________________________ 5. Shopping bag (From a department store) 6. An employment application 7. Cologne Sample 8. Business Cards – (One point each, can get up to 3 total) (Bonus – name on card is John or Mason) 9. Buy a cupcake using the password â€Å"JMZ† – to use in another clue 10. Map of the mall 11. Fortune CookieThings to do picture or video: 1. Someone sleeping – (Bonus – take a selfie with this person) 2. Find a phone case to sample and put it on your phone 3. Get a massage 4. Try on a jersey – (Bonus – 2 NFL opposing teams in a conference championship) (Double bonus all 4 NFL teams remaining in playoffs) 5. Play Madden on X-Box – (Bonus – score a touchdown) (Double Bonus – score a touchdown against a stranger) 6. Go to a kiosk and receive a free hand wash/nail buff/or other service 7. Try on a very tall high heeled shoes – (Bonus – team that wears the tallest shoe) 8. Get a picture with the whole team on an escalator (Bonus – in the same picture have one teammate on the opposite escalator) 9. Get a picture of someone with a letterman jacket – (Bonus – Get a picture of a teammate wearing the jacket) 10. Picture of the majority of you r team

Causes and Effect Essays - Walmart, Retailing, Criticism Of Walmart

auses and Effect 1. Lack cleanliness and tidiness -the store is always crowded and customers litter everywhere. -not enough labor hours to clean the big store -part time employees do not care about the stores cleanliness 2. Stores are not restocking shelves fast enough. - bad communication between front and back end of the store - some of the merchandise are not up to date - not enough labor hours to do routine stocking therefore shelves were left bare - Walmart has cut so many employees during recession that it no longer has enough workers to stock its shelves properly. - Walmart reduced the range of merchandise it carried to make stores less cluttered. Unfortunately, customers did not like the change, and Walmart added merchandise back but did not add enough employees back 3. Prices are not always as low as competitors. -there are stores who deal lower prices at similar sales -the production cost high that causes high prices. In oder to 4. Digital services need to be integrated with physical stores.( allowing online services) -the store is huge and hectic. -some customers do not like to waiting in line that caused by the slow worker. -parking place is far from the store. -fewer sales associates, less management, and longer lines at the check-out register.

Rebuttal of an Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rebuttal of an Evaluation - Essay Example He has said that this pain is expressed through â€Å"The Silent Scream† (Rice) that cannot be heard but can be seen. God is the creator of life and Satan is the destroyer, hence he has opined that abortion in way worship of Satan himself. Rice strongly announces his vote for right to life for the foetus and also told not to impose a decision of someone else’s on a coming child through deciding on his life and death. Rice’s argument against abortion lacks rationality and an emotional appeal rather than a reasoned one. The Silent Scream claim of Rice classifies the foetus as living and thus has a right to life. Biologically it is alive, but being alive neither provides it full human rights nor a right to live through the gestation period. Question might be asked why so? There are a bunch of reasons first of all a foetus carries human chromosome and left to grow it will be a human one day. It is a potential person, but our hair follicle also contains the same numbe r of DNA that it has. A zygote and a hair follicle contain the same attributes in terms of chromosomes and thus a zygote is as much a human as a hair follicle.

Term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Term Paper - Essay Example This aspect of Edna’s awakening is important for the status of Chopin as a writer, for she portrays her heroine above but not of culture which Edna desperately tried to grasp. Whatever feminist beliefs Kate Chopin held, she makes it clear that Edna is largely unaware of- and certainly unconcerned with- the reasons for her actions and that her awakening is a realization of her sensual nature, not of her equality or freedom as an individual. Some critics tend to associate Chopin’s novel to the feminist tract; however, Chopin’s motives tend to be of a Naturalist rather than Feminist, for much of Chopin’s portrait of Edna depends upon the Lousiana Creole setting she chose and the naturalistic literary convention of her day. Chopin concentrated to a greater degree on the life of sensation and careless enjoyment that the Creoles lived. Creole society occupied the southern half of Lousiana. The descendants of French and Spanish colonists of the eighteenth century , the Creoles were bound by Catholicism, strong family ties, and a common language. The cultural patterns of the Creole society have been romanticized by local colorists like Chopin in their works. Through her characterization of Edna, she wanted to scrutinize the Creole society and its reputation for an easygoing attitude. For this purpose, Chopin has not placed her heroine in a rigidly moralistic environment. She eloquently translates Edna’s feelings, her emotions and experiences when she enters the ‘sensuous’ Creole environment. Chopin reproduced this little world through her naturalistic techniques with no intention to shock or make a point, rather for her these were the conditions of civility. This attitude of the novelist clarify Edna’s position as an outsider, whose behavior is not shocking or inexplicable, for her position allows Chopin to deal with the clash of two cultures. Edna’s awakening is a product of the clash of cultures that she ex periences. It is important to note that Edna initially finds it difficult to participate in the easy intimacy of the Creoles. She describes herself as â€Å"self-contained†, and remains largely so until the end of the novel, in the sense that she incorporates no doctrine or set of principles outside herself. However, she does become a fully sexual being. Therefore, her awakening is more or less a sexual one rather than an approach towards an independent self. Her approach is rather physical in terms of her leaving her husband’s house and entering her own independent house named as â€Å"pigeon house†. Here, it is important to note that Chopin carefully translates Edna’s new-found independence in the imagery of â€Å"pigeon house†. As the name suggests the house gives an impression of a trapped existence, which can never free itself from the bounds of sensual nature of the Creole society. That is to say, though Edna tries to form a new identity she is still entrapped in the male dominated society guided by her own unconscious longing for Robert Leburn. Edna’s actions are partly the result of her will, in allowing herself expose to Robert’s charms, and mainly the result of her position in the Creole society. Her sexual awakening begins with the flirtations of Robert, but it is apparent

Sexual Harassment and Abuse Essay Example for Free

Sexual Harassment and Abuse Essay Based on this week’s reading, what are the delimiting factors which determine whether or not an individual is experiencing sexual harassment or sexual abuse? In your opinion, how prevalent are these offenses and what is an appropriate response? Unfortunately in our society, we have been gradually increasing sexual liberties in the ways we dress, talk, and act in any and every public venue. This sexual liberation from both genders has helped to blur the boundaries of sexual harassment. Balswick and Balswick define sexual harassment as â€Å"any form of unsolicited language or touching containing sexual overtones. It includes sexual jokes, suggestive talk and unsolicited physical advances (Balswick and Balswick, 2008). † Based on that definition and what I know of many work places, especially hospitals, outsiders could perceive that sexual harassment is alive and well on any given day. Though many of those sharing sexual jokes and innuendos would adamantly deny that they were harassing anyone, they could not deny that they shared unsolicited material. They chose to verbally pass along what they found to be funny from their experiences or mind, while simultaneously failing to consider how the information may be received and perceived by those listening. Generally, those that object are thought to be sensitive people and are excluded from future exposure. Most institutions and work places today have established grievance policies for anyone that perceives they are experiencing sexual harassment. The boundaries of sexual abuse are clearer than the boundaries of sexual harassment. Sexual abuse is more profound, affords greater injury to the victim, and carries stiffer consequences for the perpetrator. Balswick and Balswick define sexual abuse as â€Å"a sexual act imposed on a child or person who lacks emotional, maturational, and or cognitive development (Balswick and Balswick, 2008. Balswick and Balswick use the terms sexual abuser and sex offender interchangeably. Thus, for me the scope of the definition of sexual abuse should be broadened. Sex offenders exist that rape and sexually abuse women who are not lacking emotionally, maturationally, or in cognitive development. They were merely overpowered or feared for their lives, yet, the abuse they suffered was strictly sexual in nature. Victims of sexual abuse often carry the weighted burdens of shame and unwarranted guilt in addition to numerous other negative emotions, hurts, feelings of betrayal and abandonment, physical trauma, and more. Though I believe more people report their experiences today than perhaps earlier decades, I believe that many never report; perhaps because of the time that has elapsed between the abuse and the time they feel safe enough to report; perhaps they feel they would heap on more personal shame by exposing a family member or that now their spouse and children would be hurt by the revelation; perhaps there are innumerable personal reasons for failing to report past abuses and hurts and maybe for the individual they are better dealt with in private counseling even if it negatively impacts our statistics. I believe our responsibility should be guided by helping the injured rather than punishment or seeking vengeance against the perpetrator. I am reminded of God’s Word to us in Psalm 82, â€Å"Defend the weak and the fatherless; uphold the cause of the poor and the oppressed. Rescue the weak and the needy; deliver them from the hand of the wicked (NIV). In Ephesians 4 Paul includes some instructions for living as Christians, â€Å"Do not let any unwholesome talk come out of your mouths, but only what is helpful for building others up according to their needs, that it may benefit those who listen. And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, with whom you were sealed for the day of redemption. Get rid of all bitterness, rage and anger, brawling and slander, along with every form of malice. Be kind and compassionate to one another, forgiving each other, just as in Christ God forgave you (NIV). † Finally, Paul reminds us in Romans of Jesus instruction, â€Å"Do not take revenge, my dear friends, but leave room for God’s wrath, for it is written: ‘It is mine to avenge; I will repay,’ says the Lord. On the contrary: ‘If your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him something to drink. In doing this, you will heap burning coals on his head. ’ Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good(NIV). †

The explaination of ‘cinema of attractions’ Essay -- Film

The concept of ‘cinema of attractions’ encompasses the development of early cinema, its technology, industry and cultural context. The explanation of how it is perceived by early cinema audiences is closely related to the effects of history at that time. How Gunning coined the term ‘cinema of attractions’ pertains to the history of the film industry at the turn of the 20th century and his interpretation of the audience and their reaction film technology. Single shots, the process of creating a moving picture and the juxtaposition of limited techniques, coupled with a new invention of showing a moving picture. Cultural context of an audience According to historians like Neil Burch, the primitive period of the film industry, at the turn of the 20th century was making films that appealed to their audiences due to the simple story. A non-fiction narrative, single shots a burgeoning sense â€Å"of exhibitionist confrontation rather than absorption,† (Gunning, Tom 2000 p 232) as Gunning suggests the spectator is asking for an escape that is censored and delivered with a controlled element of movement and audiovisual. Gunning believes that the audience had a different relationship with film before 1906. (Gunning, Tom 2000 p 229) By seeing the cinema pre World War I as primitive the mother of all creation, necessity was utilised and the economic and technological immaturity, did not hold back the creators but the limits freed them. Gunning terms this as a linear evolutionary process. Gunning, T 1993 The cinema of attractions is an idea that Tom Gunning and Mr Gaudreault developed and over time coined as a term to describe the capabilities of film. They had a different idea of the early days in film history and wanted that to ... ...ction, 6th ed, McGraw-Hill, Boston, pp. 76,77, 96, 160 Brownlow, Kevin 1994, ‘Preface’, in Paolo, C, Burning Passions: an introduction to the study of silent film, British Film Institute, London: BFI, pp. 1-3. Gaudreault, A 1990, ‘Showing and Telling : image and word in early cinema’, in Elsaesser, T & Barker, A, Early cinema : space, frame, narrative, BFI Publishing, London, pp. 274-281. Gunning, T 1993, â€Å"Now you see it, now you don’t† : the temporality of the cinema of attractions’, The velvet light trap, vol. 32, Fall, pp. 3-12. Gunning, Tom 2000, â€Å"The Cinema of Attraction: Early film, its spectator, and the avant-garde.† Film and theory: An anthology, Robert Stam & Toby Miller, Blackwell, pp 229-235. Thompson, K 2003, ‘The struggle for the expanding american film industry’, in Film history : an introduction, 2nd ed, McGraw-Hill, Boston, pp. 37-54

To Kill a Mockingbird Article

The Tale of the Boo Jem Scout Maycomb County – In the small neighborhood on my block lives a house that may or may not contain a malevolent phantom. This is the Radley’s place. Dill, Scout, and I know the tale of this evil Boo Radley, and during the summer we share the tale of him to tell people of the tales. It started with one summer, when Dill dared me to go touch the Radley’s house. Usually , we play out scenes of the stories of Arthur. As Dill says, â€Å"I played old Mr.Arthur and walked up and down the sidewalked. Coughed when Jem, who played as Boo, talked to me. He went under the front steps and shrieked and howled from time to time. † {Reference to page 51-52} Atticus claims that we are tormenting Boo Radley, and says, â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. † {Chapter 3: TKAM} This time though, Dill took my book, The Gray, and I needed it back.He said he would give me my book back afterwards if I touched the Radley’s house. When I went to touch the house though, â€Å"the house was the same, droopy and sick, but as we stared down the street we saw an inside shutter move. Flick. A tiny, almost invisible movement, and the house was still. † {page 19, TKAM} Another time, there was a fire at Miss Maudie’s house. Scout and I had to stay by the Radley’s home, and we didn’t even notice who put the blanket on Scout. Atticus says, â€Å"Boo Radley.You were so busy looking at the fire, you didn't notice when he put the blanket around you. † {Page 96, TKAM} Miss Maudie says, â€Å"His name is Arthur and he’s alive. † {Page 57, TKAM} I don’t believe it, I think he’s been dead and was stuffed up the chimney. And even if he is alive, why would he be cooped up in the Radley’s house? Dill said this: â€Å"Why do you reckon Boo Radley's never r un off? † †¦ â€Å"Maybe he doesn't have anywhere to run off to†¦ † {Page†¦ 163? TKAM} Whether Boo Radley is alive or dead, he is here.

International Business Case Study Essay

Q. 1 (Chapter 2) Describe Ugandan cultural attributes that might affect the operations of a foreign company doing business there. Uganda is a country of 25 million people. The official language is English. A significant portion of the population spoke the indigenous language. Two-thirds of Ugandans are Christians (Roman Catholics and Anglicans). Muslim and animist communities are found in urban areas. Uganda has a history of violence and corruption. The dictatorship of General Idi Amin had left thousands dead in the countryside. A large number of Ugandan refugees fled to neighboring countries of Rwanda, Zaire, and Sudan. Nepotism may also be considered a norm in government. Indeed, the Ugandan government is considered to be the most corrupt in the world. For HG to complete its power plant project, it must consider the following facts: 1) government transactions are usually impersonal and familial in nature, 2) any foreign company which plan to invest in the country must observe its traditionalist stance on financial issues, 3) hiring is usually conducted by word of mouth, and 4) some business practices in Uganda are unethical in the United States, and 5) the Ugandan government is prone to bribery and violence (a foreign company operating in Uganda must face the prospect of bribery and extra-government negotiations). Q. 2 Who was right, Green or Martin, about Martin’s more controversial actions in facilitating the project? How might things have turned out if Martin had not been a member of the project team? Green is right about two things. First, it would be irresponsible on the part of Martin to isolate himself from his colleagues. For example, Martin could certainly afford to live in one of the upscale neighborhoods that were home to most foreign managers working in the country’s capital. Martin, defying corporate ‘rule of thumb’ preferred a middle-class Ugandan neighborhood and declined to frequent the places where fellow expatriates typically gathered. Martin’s actions may lead to a conflict in the coordination process, as far as the project is concerned. Second, much of the problem lies with Martin’s hiring practices. Martin had developed the practice of personally mentioning job openings to local people. The practice is beneficial in some respects. For example, ‘hiring the niece of a high-ranking customs officer couldn’t hurt when it came to getting import clearances’ (case, 4). The problem with this practice is that, if word reached ‘the higher echelons of the Ugandan government, HG would find itself dealing with people in a position to demand large payments for such services as, say, not finding the excuse to delay the project’ (case, 4). If the international business community found that HG is engaging in unethical business behavior, then it will damage the image of the company. In retrospect, Martin’s ‘adaptation’ strategy seems to be ‘out of bounds’ and excessive. Indeed, it will be beneficial for the company to replace Martin with a more pragmatic successor to complete the project. Note that the time lag between project completion and phasing is the same whether or not Martin is in the position of project director. Indeed, if Martin is retained as project director, he will still face the difficulty of completing the project on time due to cultural and political constraints (opposition from tribes and the prospect of politicking). Q. 1 (Chapter 11) What is eBay’s core competency? How does it relate to its chosen strategy?  The company’s core competency depends on its long-term objectives: supporting interaction in the eBay community by providing an online framework to valued buyers and clients, upholding the principles of trust and safety, insuring low fraud losses and protection to community members, and focusing on market efficiency in the delivery of products. The company’s distribution system demands little supervision. Most sellers pay eBay for the design, production, restructuring, and monitoring of products and auction prices. In practical terms, eBay has been the primary source of income for many sellers. Indeed, this is part of the company’s competency program – to extend its market niche and ensure financial continuity within a broad consumer base. Q. 5 What are the implications to the challenges identified in the case regarding eBay’s strategy – today and in the future? The company claims that it can transform the international business marketplace in ways that will create more jobs and opportunities for exporters and importers. It also claims that it can help impoverished nations and improve efficiency in the global market. The point of the company’s claims is: the virtual market is the future of economic development. The claims are not only absurd but totally out of view. At present, it is the manufacturing and service sectors which comprise the core of the global economy. If the company’s framework is the future of economic development, then it must be restructured to suit these conditions. Indeed, it is irresponsible on the part of the company to assume that its developmental framework is the ‘rule of thumb’ of the global corporate world (a fallacy indeed).

Catch 22 essays

Catch 22 essays Soldiers serving during World War II faced hard times while fighting for their country. They were separated from their families and the traditional lives that they knew, and were suddenly thrown into a life of hardships and absurdities. As a result, they became alienated from the rest of the world and began to look at their lives in a pessimistic view. Heller portrays this separation from the traditional views through characters like Yossarian, Major Major, and the Chaplain throughout Catch 22. These characters play a major part in the story line as well as the themes presented in the novel such as absurdity of the war. Absurdity is used throughout the book and can be viewed as the illogical and pointless actions of the troops in combat and the officers controlling them. The absurdities that the characters had to face changed their views from positive to depressing feelings and alienated them from everyone else who was oblivious to the war. Specifically, Heller uses the alienation of Yossarian, Major Major, and the Chaplain to bring forth the issues of absurdity and hopelessness in World War II. Heller uses the actions and thoughts of Yossarian to convey his existentialistic message of war and the uselessness of the men fighting war. The only thing going on was a war, and no one seemed to notice but Yossarian ... and when Yossarian tried to remind people, they drew away from him and thought he was crazy (25). Yossarian is alienated from the rest of the soldiers because he actually recognizes that there is a war going on and he fears for his life. None of the other soldiers seem to care about their lives or what could happen to them by flying the missions. They just assume Yossarian is crazy for having such thoughts. One situation that Yossarian takes a stand on is when his superior Colonel Cathcart, repeatedly raises the number of missions that are required to go home. All the other pilots do not seem to mind having to ...

None Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

None - Assignment Example Based on the above histogram, the most important metrics to study would be the mean and also looking at the parametric tests since from the histogram, the variables shows that they follow a normal distribution Clearly from the charts presented above it is clear that in terms of gender more male respondents (students) took part in the survey as compared to the female respondents. 57% (N=17)of those who took part were the male respondents while the female respondents were 43% (N=13). In terms of the states, Alabama State had the highest number of the respondents while California had the least number of students interviewed in this survey. 30% (N=9) of those who took part in the survey were from Alabama, 27% (N=8) were from Arizona, 20% (N=6) were from California while 23% (N=7) were from the State of Illinois. Based on the first histogram (transformed z-score on number of hours), it is clear that the variable is free from the outliers however, the second histogram (transformed z-score on the score) we can clearly see by visualization that there are some elements of outlier in the

Education - Cultural Awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Education - Cultural Awareness - Essay Example The graphic organizer How to enhance the cultural respect and avoid cultural bias in the classroom Instructors should acknowledge the students’ cultural differences along with their commonalities Next, it is necessary to validate the student’s identity through the utilization of reading materials that reflect such diversities. This allows students to see the importance of their cultures. It is also significant to educate the students that the world is becoming diverse each day. This would help them gain appreciation for each other thus the reduced conflicts in the classroom. Teachers also need to advocate for some behaviors, as well as communication styles in the classroom, which are devoid of discrimination thus the increased respect. It would also be appropriate if the relationship existing among the students, teachers, families, as well as the community should be fostered thus the respect. The current literature has defined culture as a universal programming of an in dividual’s way of thinking. Culture is stalwartly important as it aids in the process of distinguishing the diverse human categories. The core factor distinguishing the diverse cultural groups is values, which such groups holds close in their daily lives. Sources further designate that these cultures have different norms, as well as institutions resulting from such norms (Wagner, 2009). A number of different authentic and current sources have provided several definitions for multicultural education. Although authors of such sources have utilized dissimilar wording in providing the definition of this phrase, they portray a common understanding of it. Therefore, regarding multicultural education as an inclusive reforming procedure in the education sector championing the existence of equal treatment for students from dissimilar cultures would be the most appropriate definition (Grant, 2011). The 21st century has been coupled by a myriad challenges as students from dissimilar cul tural and social groups populate the same schools. However, the adoption of multicultural education concept has highly facilitated the process of addressing such cultural differences, as well as the biases. Foremost, it is evident that multicultural education promotes the application of a culturally receptive pedagogy. This concept is vastly imperative since it aims at enhancing a successful learning process. This concept works by identifying the strong points brought by such a diversity thus utilizing it to enhance education (Nwachukwu, 2010). Moreover, the pedagogy is a combination of three diverse dimensions. These dimensions are the instructional, institutional, as well as the personal dimensions. The institutional dimension has helped design a learning environment that enhances efficacy, when dealing with culturally diverse students. Therefore, multicultural education could address cultural differences by ensuring that school’s policies, as well as their procedures addre ss with efficiency, all the tribulations resulting from the diversity. The personal dimension part of the cultural pedagogy addresses some of the essential activities for teachers to be involved in thus the cultural bias diminution. Through the application of this concept, teachers could fully acquaint themselves with all the available useful knowledge. Multicultural education persuades teachers to nurture values that disfavor negative feelings towards an individual from a different cultural setting.

Persuasive Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Persuasive - Research Paper Example s that the policy and rules regarding treating a young offender as an adult should be revived and, besides some public defender offices have launched and started a few novel programs too, likewise the advantages that are woven with this agenda are not only economical or equitable, but ethical/ moral and environmental. Initiating with the solution, the Bureau of Justice Assistance has posted suggestions for the designing and implementation of these new programs. All these various programs are driven to conceal the children who have, intentionally or unintentionally, committed felony from facing the prosecution in an adult court. This however, does not at all means that the young offender will be rescued from their act, but to deal with it in a way a juvenile should be dealt with, rather than imposing them on an intimidating and a daunting environment of an adult court. In addition to tis, the chief thing among all this execution of programs is that children be assist by the multidisciplinary personnel of which the attorney is one associate, and that the corresponding personnel will speak on behalf of the child from the beginning to the end (Allard & Young et al. 2002). Nonetheless, establishing programs to produce representative of the child is not enough; instead the history of the child and his life and circumstances surrounding him at the time of crime should be extensively analyzed. If and when the examination of the violation and the juvenile will be done, information that can help solves the case easily without taking it to the adult court (Allard & Young et al 2002). For instance, a fifteen year old had been sexually as well as physically abused in the house by his step-father and later during the time of act by the step-father and in order to save himself, the child kills him. Here, taking the child to be prosecuted in an adult court without examining his history and the circumstance during the time of killing can have a very adverse effect on the child,

Global Financial Crisis in 2008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Financial Crisis in 2008 - Essay Example Precisely, some of the great organizations that succumbed to this crisis include Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, AIG, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac as well as Meryl Lynch. All these were recognized as brand organizations and as such, they had been nationalized effectively. In addition to this, these organizations had risk management systems entailing technical excellence. Irrespective of this, they still succumbed to the effect of the Global Financial Crisis. The question is: if they indeed had implemented a superior risk management strategy, then why did they go under? Therefore, this article aims at establishing what could be the corporate weakness that contributed to their failure.2 Despite the fact that these institutions had established the right risk management strategies, there must have been flaws within those systems. To establish and better understand these flaws, it is essential that one understand some various concepts: Interconnectivity between operational risk, credit risk and systemic risk Risk management strategies are usually established and implemented in an effort toward readying an organization for any eventual risk that may occur. There are three categories of risks that an organization faces depending on the nature of its operations. These are: Operational risks: These are usually described as breakdowns that occur internally within the control systems as well as the corporate governance and as such, it results in financial losses attributable to errors, fraud or even inability to perform timely. In addition to this, these risks cause the interest rates set by the financial institutions to become compromised in some way.3 Systematic risks: These are risks that occur within a certain market segment or within the entire market. According to financial analysts, the aftermath of systemic risks is that the value of the portfolio of an organization declines. Such risks arise due to political or even economical problems like the global financial crisis in 2008. Other factors that facilitate the occurrence of systemic risks include changes of interest rates, wars as well as calamities. Credit Risks: These are risks that arise out of uncertainty in credit worthiness of a borrower, that is, uncertainty on the ability of the borrower to meet his obligations. They usually take a variety of forms since the borrowers could be a range of parties including the sovereign governments. According to most financial analysts, all these risks are interrelated or interconnected and as such, they are the major risks that warrant an organization to establish risk management strategies. According to most financial analysts, both the systemic as well as the credit risks are commonly underpinned by the need for individuals within an organization to follow some stipulated work procedures as well as the need to engage in particular work related activities, which can be said to be strong human elements. This underpinning is what can be referred to as oper ational risks, and this is where the interconnectivity is underlain.4 These three types of risks can therefore be said to have caused the extinction of the aforementioned organizations that were major players within the economy. The most obvious reason for this is due to failed transactions. Whenever financial credit occurs, the approval of credit worthiness of any organization by the financial institutions is usually delayed. This is because during such times, credit approval must be

Comparative Study of 6T and 8T SRAM Using Tanner Tool

Comparative Study of 6T and 8T SRAM Using Tanner Tool Rajnarayan Sharma, Ravi Antil, Jonish Abstract— in this paper we focus on the dynamic power dissipation during the Write operation in CMOS SRAM cell. The charging and discharging of bit lines consume more power during the Write â€Å"1† and Write â€Å"0† operation. 8T SRAM cell includes two more trail transistors in the pull down path for proper charging and discharging the bit lines. The results of 8T SRAM cell are taken on different frequencies at power supply of 1.5 V. The circuit is characterized by using the 130 nm technology which is having supply voltage of 1.5 V. Finally the results are compared with Conventional 6T SRAM cell. The power dissipated in low power 8T SRAM cell is reduced in comparison to conventional 6T SRAM cell. The result of the research has practical reference value for further study. Keywords—SRAM, Tanner Tool, T-Spice, W-EDIT, IEEE I. INTRODUCTION SRAM is mainly used for the cache memory in Microprocessors, mainframe computers, engineering workstations and memory in hand held devices due to High speed and low power consumption. The need for low-power design is becoming a major issue in high-performance digital systems such as microprocessors [1], Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and other applications. The increasing Market of mobile devices and battery powered portable electronic systems is creating demands for chips that consume the smallest possible amount of power. SRAM consist of almost 60% of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. It is also said that memories are the biggest culprit for the power dissipation in any digital system and No digital system gets complete without memories. Several techniques have been proposed to reduce the power consumption during Write operation of SRAM like, Segmented Virtual Ground Architecture for Low-Power Embedded SRAM [2], Low power SRAM design using half-swing pulse mode techniques [3] and A single-bit line cross-point cell activation (SCPA) architecture for ultra-low power SRAM’s[4].Some other techniques which are use for low power SRAM like Half-Swing Pulse-Mode Techniques[5] these techniques are use for reduce the power dissipation of the SRAM circuit. All these discussed papers are used extra circuitry for reducing the power consumption. In this paper optimized SRAM cell contains two extra tail transistors in the pull-down path of the respective inverter to avoid charging of the bit-lines. These two trail transistor are controlled by an extra signal write select (WS). During read or write mode at least one of the tail transistor must be turned OFF to disconnect the driving path of respective inverters. II. RELATED WORK Karimi and Alimoradi [6]: Rapid growth in semiconductor technology has led to shrinking of feature sizes of transistors using deep submicron (DSM) process. As MOS transistors enter deep submicron sizes, undesirable consequences regarding power consumption arise. This can be done by using one PMOS transistor and one NMOS transistor in series with the transistors of each logic block to create a virtual ground and a virtual power supply. Notice that in practice only one transistor is necessary, because of their lower on-resistance, NMOS transistors are usually used. Cheng and Huang [7]: they present a low-power SRAM design with quiet-bit line architecture by incorporating two major techniques. Firstly, the authors use a one-side driving scheme for the write operation to prevent the excessive full-swing charging on the bit lines. Secondly, they use a precharge free pulling scheme for the read operation so as to keep all bit lines at low voltages at all times. SPICE simulation on a 2K-bit SRAM macro shows that such architecture can lead to a significant 84.4% power reduction over a self-designed baseline low-power SRAM macro. Ming et. Al. [8]: They describes a low-power write scheme by adopting charge sharing technique. By reducing the bitlines voltage swing, the bitlines dynamic power is reduced. The memory cells static noise margin (SNM) is discussed to prove it is a feasible scheme. Simulation results show compare to conventional SRAM, in write cycle this SRAM saves more than 20% dynamic power. III. STATIC RAM SRAM or Static random Access memory is a form of semiconductor memory widely used in electronics, microprocessor and general computing applications. This form of semiconductor memory gains its name from the fact that data is held in there in a static fashion, and does not need to be dynamically updated as in the case of DRAM memory. While the data in the SRAM memory does not need to be refreshed dynamically, it is still volatile, meaning that when the power is removed from the memory device, the data is not held, and will disappear. There are two key features to SRAM Static random Access Memory, and these set it out against other types of memory that are available: The data is held statically: This means that the data is held in the semiconductor memory without the need to be refreshed as long as the power is applied to the memory. SRAM is a form of random access memory: A random access memory is one in which the locations in the semiconductor memory can be written to or read from i n any order, regardless of the last memory location that was accessed. Fig 1 shows the read/write operations of an SRAM. To select a cell, the two access transistors must be â€Å"on† so the elementary cell (the flip-flop) can be connected to the internal SRAM circuitry. Fig. 1 Read/Write Operations OPTIMIZED 8T SRAM CELL Schematic of 8T SRAM cell is shown in fig 2 In that we are using two more transistors M7 and M8 for reducing the power dissipation. WS signal is used for controlling the M7 and M8 during Write â€Å"0† and write â€Å"1† operation. Fig. 2 Optimized 8T SRAM Cell IV. COMPARISON ON DIFFERENT FREQUENCY This section provides the detail simulation analysis of Low power SRAM cell for different frequencies. The dynamic power may be expressed as: P=ÃŽ ±CVf. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SRAMS (S-EDIT): Fig. 3 Conventional 6T SRAM Cell (S-EDIT) Fig. 4 Optimized 8T SRAM Cell (S-EDIT) SIMULATION WAVEFORM OF SRAMS ON DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES (S-EDIT): Fig. 5 Simulation Waveform of 6T SRAM at 1GHz (S-EDIT) Fig. 6 Simulation Waveform of 8T SRAM at 1GHz (S-EDIT) From the fig 4.7 it has been clear that for 1 GHz the charging time is less then discharging time. So due to increment in charging and discharging time with frequency the power dissipation will also increase. Fig. 7 Simulation Waveform of 6T SRAM at 2GHz (S-EDIT) Fig. 8 Simulation Waveform of 8T SRAM at 2GHz (S-EDIT) TABLE I COMPARISION ON BAISES OF FREQUENCY Write operation on different frequencies, are given in Table I. Our 8T SRAM cell dissipates lower dynamic power during the switching activity. In 8T SRAM cell the crosstalk voltage values are increased for bit lines, word line (WL) and for outputs in comparison to conventional SRAM cell but these Values can be controlled with the help of proper sizing of Width (W) and Length (L) of the transistor. SIMULATION WAVEFORM OF AVERAGE POWER DISSIPATION AND DELAY (S-EDIT): Fig. 9 Simulation Waveform of 6T SRAM (S-EDIT) Fig. 10 Simulation Waveform of 8T SRAM (S-EDIT) TABLE II COMPARISION TABLE In our 8T SRAM cell as shown above we are preventing any single bit line from being discharged during write â€Å"0† as well as write â€Å"1† mode by proper selection of signal WS, which turn either M7 or M8 OFF. The comparison of conventional 6T SRAM cell and 8T SRAM cell is shown in table II V. CONCLUSION Most of the developed low-power SRAM techniques are used to reduce only read power. Since, in the SRAM cell, the write power is generally larger than read power. We have proposed an SRAM cell to reduce the power in write operation by introducing two tail Transistors in the Pull-down path for reducing leakages. Due to this Stack Transistors the power dissipation has reduced from 18 % in comparison to Conventional 6T SRAM cell. The 8T SRAM provides power efficient solution. There is also improvement in the delay in case of 8T SRAM cell is 29% faster as compared to the conventional SRAM cell. So the newly designed low power SRAM cell consume lesser power and can be said that it is a power aware cell which is acceptable in today’s VLSI design market. REFERNCES [1]International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.[Online].Available: http://public.itrs.net. [2] Mohammad Sharifkhani, Member, IEEE, and Manoj Sachdev, Senior Member, IEEESegmented Virtual Ground Architecture for Low-Power Embedded SRAM IEEE transaction on very large scale integration(VLSI) systems, vol. 15, no. 2, february 2007 [3] Mai, K.W., Mori, T., Amrutur, B.S., Ho, R., Wilburn, B., Horowitz, M.A., Fukushi, I., Izawa, T. and Mitarai, S. (1998), â€Å"Low power SRAM design using half-swing pulsemode techniques†, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 33, pp. 1659-71. [4]Vkita, M. et al. (1993), â€Å"A single-bit line cross-point cell activation (SCPA) architecture for ultra-low power SRAM’s†, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 28, pp. 1114-8. [5]Low-Power SRAM Design Using Half-Swing Pulse-Mode Techniques Kenneth W. Mai, Toshihiko Mori, Bharadwaj S. Amrutur, Ron Ho, Bennett Wilburn, Mark A. Horowitz, Isao Fukushi, Tetsuo Izawa, and Shin Mitarai IEEE journal of solid state circuits, vol. 33, no. 11, november 1998 [6] Gholamreza Karimi1 and Adel Alimoradi â€Å"Multi-Purpose Technique to Decrease Leakage Power in VLSI Circuits† Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering vol. 2, no. 3, March 2011. [7] Shin-Pao Cheng and Shi-Yu Huang â€Å"A Low-Power SRAM Design Using Quiet-Bitline Architecture†Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Workshop on Memory Technology, Design, and Testing, 2005. [8] Gu Ming Yang Jun, Xue Jun. â€Å"Low Power SRAM Design Using Charge Sharing Technique†,IEEE, 2005.